Most of the backfill near the mining working face are in the environment of cycle temperature. In order to study the influence of cycle temperature on the damage evolution and failure characteristics of cemented tailings backfill, the digital image correlation method (DIC) and acoustic emission (AE) technology were used to monitor the cemented tailings backfill after curing at six different cycle temperatures under uniaxial compression, the fracture process and acoustic emission behavior characteristics of cemented tailings backfill at different cycle temperatures were analyzed, and the damage model and constitutive equation of cemented tailings backfill at different cycle temperatures were established. The results show that with the increase of cycle temperature, the compressive strength, elastic modulus and peak strain of cemented tailings backfill increase first and then decrease, and all reach the maximum value at the cycle temperature of 25~40 °C. The DIC full-field strain evolution cloud map of the sample during the compression process can better show the whole process of surface crack evolution. With the increase of cycle temperature, the failure mode of the cemented tailings backfill changes from shear failure to tensile-shear composite failure, and then to tensile failure. The strength of the acoustic emission ringing count signal in the initial compaction stage and the post-peak failure stage is different due to the difference in the cycle temperature, and the sudden change of the acoustic emission ringing count can be used as a precursor to the failure of the backfill; the reliability of the model is verified by the comparison between the theoretical value of the constitutive model and the measured value of the experiment. The research results can provide reference for the design of backfill near the mining working face.