Deep vertical shafts are critical infrastructure for deep resource development, and their stability is essential for ensuring safe and efficient mining operations. The stability of shaft walls in fractured rock masses is a key issue in deep mining. This study used the bond block model (BBM) in discrete element software to build a 3D numerical model of the vertical shaft in the Xiling mining area of the Sanshanda Gold Mine. The research analyzed the damage and fracture characteristics of shaft walls at burial depths from 1600 meters to 2500 meters and proposed support and reinforcement schemes for shaft walls in high-stress and fractured rock environments.The results indicate that in high-stress conditions, the deformation and fracture of surrounding rock around deep shaft walls are influenced by horizontal in-situ stress. As the burial depth increases, the maximum displacement and deformation range of the surrounding rock increase. The displacement changes in the direction of the maximum principal stress are significant, while the areas of minimum principal stress are the main zones of shear stress distribution. Fractured rock masses increase the mechanical complexity of the surrounding rock. The displacement and stress distribution within fractured zones are closely related to support conditions. The dynamic effects of fractured rock masses can lead to rock block spalling and surrounding rock failure. Grouted anchor bolts can effectively improve the stress state of support structures, disperse concentrated stresses in the surrounding rock, and reduce shaft wall displacement and crack propagation. Reasonable support and reinforcement measures can effectively control the dynamic effects of fractured rock masses and mitigate the risk of shaft wall failure.