To mitigate the unorganized emission of fine particulate matter into the atmosphere from mining operations, which poses significant risks to human health, production safety, and the atmospheric environment, a novel dust suppressant composed of xanthan gum as an agglomerating agent is proposed. This formulation incorporates anionic surfactants SDS, SDBS, and nonionic surfactants OP-10 (alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether), Tween-20, and Tween-80, combined with 0.05% XTG (xanthan gum) as the agglomerating agent. Through experiments on surface tension, contact angle, and sedimentation, it was found that OP-10 significantly improves the wettability of the 0.05% XTG solution. Considering economic factors, 0.05% OP-10 + 0.05% XTG (named M-OX) was selected as the optimal dust suppressant formula. Additionally, control group experiments were conducted to study the characteristics of M-OX through pH, water retention, macroscopic and microscopic morphology analysis, and wind erosion resistance tests, revealing the dust suppression mechanism of M-OX. The results indicate that M-OX has a pH of 8.03, posing no severe impact on machinery or the environment. At room temperature, M-OX initially shows poor water retention, but as water evaporates, its water retention gradually surpasses that of 0.05% OP-10 and water. Macroscopically, surfaces treated with M-OX are smoother and exhibit fewer cracks compared to those treated with water or 0.05% XTG. Microscopically, coal samples treated with water and 0.05% OP-10 show no significant morphological differences from untreated samples, whereas those treated with 0.05% XTG and M-OX have larger particle sizes, with M-OX-treated samples being the largest. The wind erosion resistance of coal samples treated with M-OX is the strongest. Thus, this composite dust suppressant showcases environmentally friendly characteristics and significant dust suppression efficacy.