In order to study the mechanical characteristics and deformation control of the surrounding rock of the roadway, the failure characteristics of the surrounding rock of the roadway were studied by using theoretical analysis, rock mechanics test, numerical simulation and on-site industrial practice research methods using the research methods of theoretical analysis, rock mechanics test, numerical simulation and on-site industrial practice. The results show that the coal body is mainly subjected to tension failure and shear failure, and the damage near the unloading surface is more serious, the support design adopts the bolt anchor cable joint support method, and the numerical simulation test shows that the length of the bolt is 2.8 m, the stress peak of the two sets is the smallest, the stress peak of the solid gang is 27.5 MPa, the stress peak of the coal column gang is 30.81 MPa, and the stress peak area is near the anchor end of the bolt, and the stress concentration effect of the right coal column gang is greater than that of the left gang solid gang. More displacement is generated, and the amount of surrounding rock deformation of the overall roadway is within the control range. The failure law of the roadway is revealed, and the peak stress of the surrounding rock is reduced by designing and optimizing the anchor support scheme, and the deformation of the surrounding rock is effectively controlled.